 | Central Bank Exploration of Tokenized Reserves Release Date:November, 2025 How should central banks explore tokenized reserves? Central banks are increasingly exploring how to make their reserves available to selected banks using distributed ledger technology, referred to more...
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| Financial Integrity Implications of Retail Central Bank Digital Currencies (rCBDCs) Release Date:November, 2025 How should the international anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) standards be applied in a retail CBDC (rCBDC) setting? This chapter identifies the main more...
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| The Impact of Central Bank Digital Currency on Payments Competition Release Date:November, 2025 How would CBDC affect competition in the payments market? If introduced, CBDC can serve as a payment instrument, expanding end users' transaction choices, and as a platform infrastructure, broadening more...
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| Evaluating the Implications of CBDC for Financial Stability Release Date:November, 2025 How could practitioners assess the domestic financial stability implications of retail CBDC? This chapter identifies six key transmission channels through which CBDC can affect financial more...
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| Payment Resilience in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States: Lessons for Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Release Date:November, 2025 What lessons emerge from payment resilience in Fragile and Conflict-affected States (FCS) and how could they be applied to CBDC? This chapter explores how FCS can strengthen the resilience of their more...
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| Selected Legal Considerations for Central Bank Digital Currencies Release Date:November, 2025 What are the selected legal considerations for retail CBDC (rCBDC) and wholesale CBDC (wCBDC)? First, with respect to rCBDC, this chapter discusses the mechanisms through which rCBDC is sanctioned as more...
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| Technology Solutions to Support Central Bank Digital Currency with Limited Connectivity: A Review of Existing Approaches : A Review of Existing Approaches Release Date:August, 2025 This note explores the implementation of central bank digital currencies in environments with limited connectivity, emphasizing the need for offline solutions to enhance financial inclusion. It more...
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| Growing Retail Digital Payments: The Value of Interoperability : The Value of Interoperability Release Date:June, 2025 Policymakers in many countries aim to increase the uptake of retail digital payment systems. This Note examines whether interoperability can help achieve this goal. We provide a conceptual framework more...
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| Private Law Aspects of Token-Based Central Bank Digital Currencies Release Date:March, 2025 In designing central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), it is imperative that central banks carefully consider its legal foundations. As with any form of money, CBDCs require a solid basis under public more...
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| Estimating the Impact of Digital Money on Cross-Border Flows: Scenario Analysis Covering the Intensive Margin : Scenario Analysis Covering the Intensive Margin Release Date:February, 2025 Digital money and digital payments innovations have the potential for improving cross-border payments by reducing costs, enhancing speed, and improving transparency. This note performs an empirical more...
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